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John II (c. 356 – 10 January 417) was bishop of Jerusalem from AD 387 to AD 417. John II succeeded to the episcopal throne of Jerusalem on the death of Saint Cyril in 386 (or 387). He was the author, according to an increasing number of modern scholars,〔Paul F. Bradshaw, ''The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship'' 2002 ISBN 0-19-521732-2, pag 113〕 of the five ''Mystagogical Catecheses'' traditionally ascribed to his predecessor Cyril. He is revered as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church and his feast day is held on March 30.〔''(March 30/April 12 ).'' Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).〕〔 Συναξαριστής. ''(30 Μαρτίου ).'' ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).〕〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης Πατριάρχης Ἱεροσολύμων ).'' 30 ΜΑΡΤΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 He is also honored as a saint by the Catholic Church, which commemorates him on January 10 (''Martyrologium Romanum'', 2004, p. 92). ==Life== John's authority was harshly questioned twice by Jerome, then abbot in Bethlehem. The first time was in the frame of the first polemic with Origen's followers, and is narrated mainly in Jerome's treatise dedicated to Pammachius "''Contra Ioannes Hierosolymitanum (Against John of Jerusalem)''", as well as in other letters of Jerome (n. 51, 82 and 86). Jerome accused John of supporting the ideas of the Origenists. The Origenist doctrines attributed to John were: (i.) that the Son does not see the Father; (ii.) that souls are confined in earthly bodies, as in a prison; (iii.) that the devil may be saved; (iv.) that the skins with which God clothed Adam and Eve were human bodies; (v.) that the body in the resurrection will be without sex; (vi.) that the descriptions of Paradise are allegorical: trees meaning angels, and rivers the heavenly virtues; (vii) that the waters above and below the firmament are angels and devils; (viii.) that the image of God was altogether lost at the Fall.〔 John ignored the accusations of Origenism and gave assurances about his faith in the Trinity: however, it is probable that John did have certain Origenist leanings.〔W. A. Jurgens ''The Faith of the Early Fathers'' 1979 ISBN 0-8146-1007-2,pag 201〕 The immediate occasion of this crisis was the visit of Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis in Cyprus, at Jerusalem, in 394. Epiphanius preached, in the Church of the Resurrection, a pointed sermon against Origenism, which was thought to be directly aimed at John. After many unseemly scenes, Epiphanius advised Jerome and his friends to separate from their bishop John. To be fully independent from him, Epiphanius ordained Paulinian (Jerome’s brother) to priesthood. Epiphanius attempted to defend his irregular action, but John appealed to Alexandria against Jerome and his supporters as schismatics. The bishop, Theophilus, at once took the side of John. The dispute was thus prolonged for about four years, and, after some attempts at reconciliation, and the exhibition of much bitterness, amounting to the practical excommunication of Jerome and his friends, the dispute was stopped, perhaps by Theophilus.〔Philip Schaff, ''Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome'' New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892 (Text from CCEL )〕 The dispute broke out afresh when Jerome deeply criticized the reception reserved by John for some of the 400 Origenistic monks of Nitria, dispelled by the Egyptian deserts by the bishop of Alexandria Theophilus (fifty of these monks went to Constantinople, and found there a cordial welcome with the bishop John Chrysostom in 401). The second harsh attack against John was triggered off in 414 by Jerome and concerned Pelagius. Jerome, supported by a Latin disciple of Augustine of the name of Paulus Orosius, took a stand against the deacon Pelagius, who was then received in Jerusalem and not explicitly condemned by the local synod of Diospolis (415). We have a letter of Pope Innocent I who censures John for having allowed the Pelagians to cause a disturbance at Bethlehem and exhorts him to be more watchful over his diocese in future: this letter () is dated 417, the year of the death of both John and Innocent, and it is probable that John never received it. Although sources are more diverse here, the accusation of arianism seems a little simplistic and it is probable that we do not have all the information needed to understand the situation. In 415, two years before his death in 417, he was probably directly involved in the discovery (''invention'') of the Relics of Saint Stephen.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John II, Bishop of Jerusalem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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